Russian Court Clears Way to Send Navalny to a Penal Colony

The fate of opposition leader Aleksei A. Navalny remains unclear, however. He could be held in a high-security prison in Moscow for other pending legal matters.

MOSCOW — A Russian court cleared the way on Saturday for the possible transfer of the opposition leader Aleksei A. Navalny to the country’s penal colony system, the latest step by the authorities to silence the man who has become the country’s most vocal critic of President Vladimir V. Putin.

The court rejected Mr. Navalny’s last possible appeal before such a transfer, but it remains unclear whether or when he will leave his cell in a high-security prison in Moscow. He could be held there for further court appearances on other pending legal matters.

Mr. Navalny was detained in January upon returning from Germany, where he was being treated for a near-lethal poisoning with a nerve agent last year — an act that he and Western governments blamed on the Kremlin. He returned despite knowing that his homecoming would almost surely land him in prison, a challenge that gave rise to mass street protests in support of him.

The ruling, which was expected, upheld Mr. Navalny’s sentence of more than two years in prison and set Russia on a collision course with Western nations, which could impose additional sanctions on Moscow. On Tuesday, the European Court of Human Rights, whose jurisdiction is recognized by Russia, ruled that Mr. Navalny must be released immediately from prison.

The Kremlin’s spokesman, Dmitri S. Peskov, rejected that demand and called the Strasbourg-based court’s ruling “a serious attempt to intervene in internal judicial matters of Russia.”

In his final argument in court on Saturday, Mr. Navalny quoted from the Bible, and said that prosecutors, the judge and other government officials should stop lying because sooner or later the truth will triumph. He also told his followers not to feel deserted.

“Our system and our government is trying to convince people that they are all alone,” he said.

Asked on Saturday whether Mr. Navalny’s incarceration would make Russian political life too uniform, Mr. Peskov said that “there is enough pluralism on the Russian political scene” and that “the Kremlin has many opponents.”

Over the past month, Mr. Navalny’s allies have organized two countrywide protests in his support that drew tens of thousands to the streets. The police arrested thousands.

The poisoning, the sentencing and the crackdown on protesters all signaled a pivot by Mr. Putin to harder-line domestic policies. Mr. Navalny has been jailed frequently before, but only for brief stints in Moscow, and he has never been sent to a penal colony.

Under Russia’s criminal justice system, transferring an inmate to the penal colonies is a lengthy process of travel on a specialized prisoner train wagon. It can begin at any point after a court rejects the first appeal of a sentencing, which happened on Saturday.

The trip can take weeks, with stops at transfer prisons, during which inmates are generally not allowed to contact lawyers or family members. Their destination sometimes remains unknown until they arrive.

Mr. Navalny can petition the European Court of Human Rights on grounds that its demand to release him has gone unheeded. Although the court cannot legally compel Russia to abide by its ruling, the dispute could escalate to the Council of Europe. It could also potentially lead to Russia’s expulsion or withdrawal from that group.

It would be a significant breach. Russia joined the Council in 1996, signaling an end to the Cold War division of Europe on human rights issues.

In a separate hearing on Saturday, Mr. Navalny was sentenced to a fine of $11,500 on a conviction of having slandered a World War II veteran. The defamation case has been seen as intended mostly for publicity purposes to tar Mr. Navalny as unpatriotic.

Pro-Kremlin news outlets have covered the hearings extensively, casting Mr. Navalny as a power-hungry neo-Nazi ready to defame a war veteran to further his political career.

In court, Mr. Navalny called the case a “disgusting public relations process.” He accused relatives of the war veteran, Ignat S. Artyomenko, 95, of having used their grandfather in a Kremlin-backed smear.

Mr. Navalny last year criticized a group of people including Mr. Artyomenko for supporting changes to the Russian Constitution that allow Mr. Putin to remain in power until 2036.

In his second final argument in one day, Mr. Navalny compared the Russian government to a “big swine that slurps from a trough filled with petrodollars.”

Andrew E. Kramer contributed reporting.